一、快速排序

1.快速排序

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

const int N = 100010;

int q[N];

void quick_sort(int q[], int l, int r)
{
    if (l >= r) return;

    int i = l - 1, j = r + 1, x = q[l + r >> 1];
    while (i < j)
    {
        do i ++ ; while (q[i] < x);
        do j -- ; while (q[j] > x);
        if (i < j) swap(q[i], q[j]);
    }

    quick_sort(q, l, j);
    quick_sort(q, j + 1, r);
}

int main()
{
    int n;
    scanf("%d", &n);

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++ ) scanf("%d", &q[i]);

    quick_sort(q, 0, n - 1);

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++ ) printf("%d ", q[i]);

    return 0;
}

2.第K大的数字

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

const int N = 100010;

int q[N];

int quick_sort(int q[], int l, int r, int k)
{
    if (l >= r) return q[l];

    int i = l - 1, j = r + 1, x = q[l + r >> 1];
    while (i < j)
    {
        do i ++ ; while (q[i] < x);
        do j -- ; while (q[j] > x);
        if (i < j) swap(q[i], q[j]);
    }

    if (j - l + 1 >= k) return quick_sort(q, l, j, k);
    else return quick_sort(q, j + 1, r, k - (j - l + 1));
}

int main()
{
    int n, k;
    scanf("%d%d", &n, &k);

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++ ) scanf("%d", &q[i]);

    cout << quick_sort(q, 0, n - 1, k) << endl;

    return 0;
}

二、归并排序

1.归并排序

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

const int N = 1e5 + 10;

int a[N], tmp[N];

void merge_sort(int q[], int l, int r)
{
    if (l >= r) return;

    int mid = l + r >> 1;

    merge_sort(q, l, mid), merge_sort(q, mid + 1, r);

    int k = 0, i = l, j = mid + 1;
    while (i <= mid && j <= r)
        if (q[i] <= q[j]) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ];
        else tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ];
    while (i <= mid) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ];
    while (j <= r) tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ];

    for (i = l, j = 0; i <= r; i ++, j ++ ) q[i] = tmp[j];
}

int main()
{
    int n;
    scanf("%d", &n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++ ) scanf("%d", &a[i]);

    merge_sort(a, 0, n - 1);

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++ ) printf("%d ", a[i]);

    return 0;
}

2.逆序对的数量

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

typedef long long LL;

const int N = 1e5 + 10;

int a[N], tmp[N];

LL merge_sort(int q[], int l, int r)
{
    if (l >= r) return 0;

    int mid = l + r >> 1;

    LL res = merge_sort(q, l, mid) + merge_sort(q, mid + 1, r);

    int k = 0, i = l, j = mid + 1;
    while (i <= mid && j <= r)
        if (q[i] <= q[j]) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ];
        else
        {
            res += mid - i + 1;
            tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ];
        }
    while (i <= mid) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ];
    while (j <= r) tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ];

    for (i = l, j = 0; i <= r; i ++, j ++ ) q[i] = tmp[j];

    return res;
}

int main()
{
    int n;
    scanf("%d", &n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++ ) scanf("%d", &a[i]);

    cout << merge_sort(a, 0, n - 1) << endl;

    return 0;
}


三、二分

关于check的写法，要注意是大于还是小于

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bool check(int x) {/* ... */} // 检查x是否满足某种性质

// 区间[l, r]被划分成[l, mid]和[mid + 1, r]时使用：
int bsearch_1(int l, int r)
{
    while (l < r)
    {
        int mid = l + r >> 1;
        if (check(mid)) r = mid;    // check()判断mid是否满足性质
        else l = mid + 1;
    }
    return l;
}
// 区间[l, r]被划分成[l, mid - 1]和[mid, r]时使用：
int bsearch_2(int l, int r)
{
    while (l < r)
    {
        int mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
        if (check(mid)) l = mid;
        else r = mid - 1;
    }
    return l;
}


一种更清晰的方法

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int bserach(int a[],int l,int r){
    while(l<=r){
        int mid=l+r>>1;
        if(a[mid]<x) l=mid+1;
        else if(a[mid]>x) high=mid-1;
        else
            return mid;
    }
    return -1;//没有找到
}

四、高精度计算

1.A+B

要点：利用数组储存大数字的每一位，“小端法”

按位模拟加和，满X进1

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//base为进制
//t循环利用 作为前一位的进位，与本位和相加
vector <int> add(vector<int> &A,vecrtor <int> &B){
    if(A.size()<B.size()) return add(B,A);
    vector<int> C;
    int t=0;
    for(int i=0;i<A.size();i++){
        t+=A[i];
        if(i<B.size()) t+=B[i];
        C.push_back(t % base);
        t/=base;
    }
    if(t) C.push_back(t);
    return C;
}

2.A-B

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#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

bool cmp(vector<int> &A, vector<int> &B)
{
    if (A.size() != B.size()) return A.size() > B.size();

    for (int i = A.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- )
        if (A[i] != B[i])
            return A[i] > B[i];

    return true;
}

vector<int> sub(vector<int> &A, vector<int> &B)
{
    vector<int> C;
    //t为进位标志
    for (int i = 0, t = 0; i < A.size(); i ++ )
    {  // 通用形式：t=a-b-t;
        t = A[i] - t;
        if (i < B.size()) t -= B[i];
        C.push_back((t + 10) % 10);
        //若t>0，等价于t；小于零，等价于t+10
        if (t < 0) t = 1;
        else t = 0;
    }

    while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();
    return C;
}

int main()
{
    string a, b;
    vector<int> A, B;
    cin >> a >> b;
    for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');
    for (int i = b.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) B.push_back(b[i] - '0');

    vector<int> C;

    if (cmp(A, B))
        C = sub(A, B);
    else 
    {
            C = sub(B, A);
            cout << '-';
    }

    for (int i = C.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) cout << C[i];
    cout << endl;

    return 0;
}



3.A*B（高精度乘低精度）

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#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;


vector<int> mul(vector<int> &A, int b)
{
    vector<int> C;

    int t = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < A.size() || t; i ++ )
    {
        if (i < A.size()) t += A[i] * b;
        C.push_back(t % 10);
        t /= 10;
    }

    while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();

    return C;
}


int main()
{
    string a;
    int b;

    cin >> a >> b;

    vector<int> A;
    for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');

    auto C = mul(A, b);

    for (int i = C.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) printf("%d", C[i]);

    return 0;
}

4.A/B

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#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

vector<int> div(vector<int> &A, int b, int &r)
{
    vector<int> C;
    r = 0;
    for (int i = A.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- )
    {
        r = r * 10 + A[i];
        C.push_back(r / b);
        r %= b;
    }
    reverse(C.begin(), C.end());
    while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();
    return C;
}

int main()
{
    string a;
    vector<int> A;

    int B;
    cin >> a >> B;
    for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');

    int r;
    auto C = div(A, B, r);

    for (int i = C.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) cout << C[i];

    cout << endl << r << endl;

    return 0;
}

五、字典树（trie树）

835. Trie字符串统计 - AcWing题库